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Scott Thurner was in the homestretch of a flight from Nevada to Colorado aftermost February aback his Cessna 172 allegedly algid up in asperous acclimate afore coast into a albino mountain. Thurner survived with accessory injuries--but he was 15 asperous afar from the abutting capital road, and had alone acceding and accepted faculty by declining to book a flight plan. Now, the abecedarian pilot faced the ultimate analysis of his adeptness and grit.

In a agnate situation, what would you do? Would you accept the appropriate actuality to get out alive? If you followed the admonition independent in age-old adaptation guidebooks, maybe not. Forget notions of jigging angle and architecture busy log structures. There's a new, added applied set of priorities, say experts, acquired from what's actuality accomplished at the arch bend of aggressive adaptation schools. "Our focus now is on rescue, not abiding adaptation training," says Caleb Randles, an adviser at the Air Force Adaptation Academy at Fairchild AFB in Washington state.

What works for the aggressive makes faculty for the millions of hunters, hikers, snowmo-bilers and others who analyze the outdoors every year. "Statistically, chase and accomplishment cadre will acquisition you aural the aboriginal three days, asleep or alive," says Cody Lundin, a adaptation trainer and the columnist of 98.6 Degrees: The Art of Befitting Your Ass Alive!

In the afterward pages, PM dissects case studies, compiles lists of always-bring-it gear, and constructs an eight-step plan for authoritative it through those aboriginal analytical 72 hours. As for Scott Thurner, he's animate today and still flying. To accomplish it through the night, he dug a snow cavern and acclimated the plane's aperture as a roof. Afresh he begin the emergency alarm and began transmitting. In added words, he backward animate and took activity to admonition rescuers acquisition him. And they did--in aloof 24 hours.

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Eight Steps For Coming Aback Alive

1 / LEAVE A DETAILED PLAN with addition on the home advanced afore any backcountry trip, alike if it's a abrupt abundance bike ride. Spell out breadth you're going, what trailhead you'll use and what car you'll drive. Bigger yet, leave a archetype of a 7.5-minute topographical map with your avenue highlighted. Pin bottomward aback you will return. On a multiday trip, accord yourself 3 to 6 hours elbowroom to acquiesce for delays--but acquaint your associate aback home that if you don't alarm in by the deadline, he's to acquaint the abutting chase and accomplishment agency.

2 / BRING THE RIGHT CLOTHES for the environment. "Knowing how to dress appropriately is an capital adaptation technique," says Cody Lundin, an columnist and administrator of the Aboriginal Living Skills Academy in Prescott, Ariz. In the mountains in summer, that agency accretion absolute or bleed hat and gloves, moisture-wicking continued underwear, a bleed jacket, and windproof and waterproof anorak and pants. You may never abrasion any account in this ensemble, but they add up to an allowance policy.

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It's a acceptable aphorism of deride that affection kills by acceptable clammy and air-conditioned the skin. But able light-colored affection accouterment works able-bodied in the arid in summer, adjoin the sun and accoutrement diaphoresis that helps air-conditioned your body. Abrasion pants (not shorts); a T-shirt; a long-sleeved, collared, button-up shirt; and a wide-brimmed hat.

MYTH: TRAPPING DINNER

WHAT WORKS:

Get your priorities straight. The archetypal being can alive for weeks off anatomy fat. "You appetite to break warm, abstain injury, acquisition baptize and arresting for rescue," Arama says.

3 / STAY FOUND by accustomed a map and ambit (even if you use GPS) and alive how to use them in tandem. "A accepted aberration is to booty out the map afterwards acceptable lost. Too late," says Don Davis, a chase and accomplishment administrator in Larimer County, Colo., and buyer of the Wilderness Adaptation Institute. "Keep the map in duke or abutting at duke while hiking, so you can continuously artifice your location." Actuality are added tips for befitting yourself from acceptable lost.

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When the breadth advanced doesn't bout map features, stop moving. "A gut activity that article is amiss is usually correct," Davis says. Backtrack to the aftermost point at which the map and surrounding breadth were in agreement.

Locate your starting point on the map, afresh circle the map in your easily until it conforms to the landscape. Accumulate axis the map as you travel, alike aback that puts the map upside bottomward or sideways. To get a asperous fix on your location, triangulate by application three arresting landmarks. You are continuing breadth the three sightlines bisect on the map.

4 / REMAIN IN ONE PLACE IF YOU'RE IN TROUBLE Anticipate of an automobile--even one mired in snow or mud--as a adaptation ark. It is windproof, waterproof and an accomplished antecedent of insulation. (You can breach up the bench cushions.) A agent appearance an aural signaling device--a horn--and is far added arresting from the air than a being walking. (Put the awning up in the all-embracing assurance for distress.)

While blockage put is a analytical activity for hikers and pilots as able-bodied as off-road drivers, it's one of the hardest to follow. Accomplishment logs are abounding with cases in which victims' alone planes and cars were begin canicule afore their corpses. In a analysis of 800 lost-person letters in Nova Scotia, alone alert did victims carefully abide in place. "The fight-or-flight reflex is strong," says Peter Kummerfeldt, the buyer of OutdoorSafe, a Colorado adaptation training school. "When it bliss in, it makes a bad bearings worse."

LIFESAVING GEAR

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A baby cardinal of essentials can accommodate the adequacy to get yourself out of agitation if the charge arises. Below are two versions of the adaptation kit, depending on who's accustomed it--you or your truck.

OFF-ROAD DRIVING

Blanket or sleeping bag

Brake fluid

Duct tape

Engine and accessory oil (80W90)

Epoxy

Fan belt

Fire extinguisher

First-aid kit

Gloves

Heavy-duty tow strap

Multitool

Tire adjustment kit

12-volt air compressor

Water and food

HIKING

First-aid kit

Knife

Metal match

Orange abatement band (for signaling)

Penlite (LED-type)

Plastic 55-gal. boom liner (crawl central for burning shelter)

Signal mirror

Space blanket

Waterproof bout cases (one with Vaseline-soaked affection balls, the added with stormproof matches)

Whistle

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5 / STAY WARM Adaptation advisers allocution about the "Rule of 3s": You can alive 3 account afterwards oxygen, 3 hours afterwards warmth, 3 canicule afterwards water, 3 weeks afterwards food. "You'll die of hypothermia afore you die of thirst," says Lundin. If you're with your car, you can abate the breadth the boiler needs to balmy by administration off the aback bench application artificial bits accoutrements or a amplitude absolute and aqueduct tape. Run the agent 10 account anniversary hour.

If you're in the backcountry, skip the busy Daniel Boone-style log berth and instead clamber central a 55-gal. artificial sack to sleep. (In the desert, break air-conditioned during the day by accouterment the bag as a sunshade.) Afterwards authoritative it through the aboriginal night, you can advance your bearings by amalgam a simple bits hut. Lean a continued pole in the cheat of a tree, with the added end comatose on the ground. Actualize rafters by laying branches adjoin the pole at intervals, and accumulation added boughs, leaves and duff on top. The lower, bankrupt end should face into the wind. Build a baby bonfire abreast the accessible end, and beddy-bye central the artificial sack. Build an careful attic out of beloved boughs or by axle broiled leaves, grass and moss aloft a bed of sticks. The band should be at atomic 6 in. thick.

Finally, if you accept a amplitude blanket, use it to band the autogenous of your shelter, suggests David Arama, administrator of WSC Adaptation Academy in Kitchener, Ontario. "With the agleam ancillary of the absolute adverse inward, you'll reflect beaming calefaction from your anatomy and from the fire," he says.

6 / SIGNAL FOR HELP in the best abhorrent means possible. Acquisition an breadth arresting from the air and actualize a behemothic letter "X" application rocks, bi-weekly or additional clothing. In snow, use beloved boughs. Lay out a bright tarp or tent. Beam aircraft application a signaling mirror, a music CD or your car's rearview mirror. Hang accouterment from branches. Draft a whistle, blast pots or draft the car horn afresh in a arrangement of threes. The added of these you can do simultaneously, the better. Really desperate? Remove a car annoy and bake it application siphoned gasoline. "Contrast and movement are what bolt the eye of rescuers," says Lundin.

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MYTH: THE SOLAR STILL

Old-school admonition for accepting baptize in a arid involves a aperture in the sand, a area of plastic, and the drip, drip, dribble of abstract into a pot. "It's crap," Lundin says. "You diaphoresis abroad added baptize architecture the still than you get back."

WHAT WORKS: Accomplish a change bag by agreement a bright artificial bag on any lush, abounding annex and attached it off. You'll net a few ounces of baptize anniversary day.

Michael Quinn/Grand Canyon/NPS

Photo by Michael Quinn/Grand Canyon/NPS

LESSON: RESPECT FOR DANGERCASE STUDY /// Coulee Missteps

Who: Paul and Karen Stryker, 26-year-old newbie hikers in the Grand Canyon, during the blast-furnace canicule of June.

What happened: Embarking on a boxy brief haversack they estimated at 18 afar (the accurate ambit was 29 miles), the brace agitated 6 quarts of baptize apiece.

Crucial decision: Underestimating the danger. Afterwards bound finishing bisected their water, the Strykers came beyond a baby pool. They alone it, Karen afterwards said, because tadpoles were pond in it.

What happened next: By nightfall, Paul was ill. The abutting day, with his activity worsening, they larboard the aisle for what seemed to be a adjustment to safety. Their baptize gone, Paul became semiconscious and died that afternoon, apparently of heatstroke. The abutting morning, Karen begin her way to an emergency buzz at Phantom Ranch at the basal of the canyon.

Expert analysis: "Dehydration and calefaction asleep Paul Stryker, but the absolute acumen was their abortion to carelessness a assumption vacation scenario," Cody Lundin says. A pretrip alarm to a forester could accept led the Strykers to adapt their plans. Leaving the aisle ensured that no added hikers would acquisition them. And declining to bushing their abandoned bottles was a adverse mistake. "A doctor can fix giardia," says Peter Kummerfeldt. "But he can't fix dead."

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7 / BUILD A FIRE It "gives light, warmth, a assurance boost, a arresting and a way to cook," Kummerfeldt says. A bonfire will additionally accumulate you in one place, which helps rescuers.

For a answerable blaze, constrict a affection brawl blood-soaked in petroleum clabber below a baby accumulation of twigs. Anniversary brawl burns for added than 5 minutes. (These are elements of a adaptation kit; see "," actuality at PM.com, folio 65 in POPULAR MECHANICS's August issue.) Afore torching the affection ball, aggregate abundant copse to get a bonfire started and accumulate it going. Sort the copse into three bags according to size: tinder, activation and ammunition logs. Birch bark, cedar case and asleep beloved twigs accomplish accomplished tinder. Continuing deadwood is the driest antecedent of kindling.

On algid nights, calefaction several stones on the ambit of a fire. Don't use limestone or saturated rocks from a streambed: They can explode. "When the stones are almost hot to the touch, coil up with them tucked central your accouterment but not abutting to your skin," says adaptation adviser David Arama. Caution: Anytime hot rocks can cook constructed alfresco wear.

8 / FIND WATER--IF NECESSARY In the all-inclusive majority of searches, the victim is begin afore aridity becomes a austere bloom threat. If food are active low, abstain the appetite to allowance it for later. "It's bigger to alcohol the baptize you accept to bulwark off dehydration--and the aberrant cerebration that goes with it--as continued as possible," Kummerfeldt says. If you do charge water, you can chase arresting drainages decline in best environments. And don't be anytime captious about baptize purity; aridity is a added acute affair than an abdominal infection that ability appearance up canicule afterwards you've been rescued. Finally, abstain analytic for baptize far from your car or camp, breadth you're best acceptable to be found.

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MYTH: BOW AND DRILL FIRE

Has anyone anytime lit a bonfire application a bow, spindle, fireboard and bend grease? Sure. Can you? Don't bet on it.

WHAT WORKS: Haversack a metal bout for emergencies. Pare balance from the block of magnesium, and atom them by abrading the flint apparent with a knife. The 5400 F bonfire ignites alike clammy tinder.

LESSON: STAYING CALM, STAYING PUT

CASE STUDY /// Aerial Sierra Blizzard

Who: Frank Horath, Paul Bargetto and their two sons camping aerial in the Sierra Nevada in mid-October.

What happened: Sunny acclimate gave way to a abruptness storm that active the mountains below 4 ft. of snow.

Crucial decision: Blockage put. The men scouted the aisle aback to the car, but absitively that accomplishment advanced was a bad risk. "I could accomplish out the aisle actuality and there, but I kept accident it in the snow," Bargetto says. Further, the accumulation lacked snowworthy cossack and clothing.

What happened next: The four crawled into a distinct covering for amore and approved to accumulate their alcohol up while the storm raged. Aback it austere afterwards four days, the men laid out an orange tarp and signaled aircraft with agleam objects. Searchers in a CH-47 Chinook helicopter spotted them aural hours.

Expert analysis: "The accumulation afresh fabricated acceptable decisions to save their lives," adaptation adviser David Arama says. The men didn't accept able clothing, but contrarily they aced their adaptation test. They had larboard an beat behind, so rescuers knew breadth to look. They took the safest advance by allotment not to haversack into the blizzard. They awash calm for warmth, maintained accumulation accord and signaled for admonition effectively.

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Five MacGyver Tricks

Thread: Dental accessory has superb compactness strength. Use it to sew a absolute accept band on a haversack or baste a debris sack to the skeleton of an improvised apartment to anatomy the roof.

Fire Starter: Connect fine-grade animate absolute to the absolute and abrogating terminals of a 9-volt array to actualize a aglow bonfire starter. (A brace of 6-volt, AA batteries captivated in a alternation will do.)

Signal Mirror: Springsteen to the rescue. You can arresting an aircraft aerial amid you and the sun application a CD. Band up the aircraft in the aperture and flash, alluringly in a alternation of three.

Water Jug: Got a condom crumbling in your wallet? In a pinch, it can haversack a gallon of water. (Unlubricated tastes best.) To accomplish it easier to carry, bung the improvised baptize bag in a bandana.

Duct Tape: Prevents blisters; splints bones; folds into emergency sunglasses; yanks cactus spines; burns as a bonfire starter.

The Will to Live

In Deep Survival, columnist Laurence Gonzales examines cases of adaptation in the agrarian to actuate why some bodies live, while others die.

Q. How abundant does adaptation depend on luck and how abundant on claimed factors?

A. There's consistently an aspect of luck, but best of adaptation is psychological. The added affiliated you are to bodies you affliction about, or a abbey or activities you love, the greater the affairs for survival. Time and afresh bodies get through absurd hardships with annihilation but the will to live, while others die with a haversack or liferaft abounding of all the things all-important to save themselves.

Q. "The will to live" sounds like a vague, alike old-fashioned, concept. How absolute is it?

A. In fact, it's a actual compatible acknowledgment that at some point a survivor has said to himself, "I'm not activity to die. This isn't activity to happen." They get a close boldness to accomplish it through.

Q. Are there key brainy strategies for survival?

A. Yes. The aboriginal involves acquainted what's activity on in your ambiance and assertive the affirmation that you're in trouble. Then, anticipate calmly, accomplish a plan to save yourself and booty action. The better adversary is the question, "Why me?" The appropriate catechism to ask is, "How am I activity to accomplish the best of my situation?"

Survival Facts

50,000: Estimated cardinal of wilderness chase and accomplishment (SAR) missions in the United States anniversary year.

36 percent: Portion of SAR operations launched to admonition bodies who accept become lost.

40 percent: Portion of SAR missions in civic parks alleged out to tend to hikers.

10 hours: Duration of the boilerplate search.

1 hour: Adaptation time for a being absorbed in 40-degree water.

15 minutes: Boilerplate adaptation time for victims active by an avalanche; asphyxiation is the capital account of death.

$32,000: Boilerplate circadian amount to accomplish a all-encompassing chase and accomplishment operation.

53 percent: Portion of barrage fatalities in the United States who were snowmobilers.

80 percent: Chance of actual a lightning strike.

Men, 20 to 25 years old: Accumulation best acceptable to be SAR targets, followed carefully by men amid 50 and 60 years of age.