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"Crazier than a bisected dozen opium-smoking frogs." That's how one eyewitness declared Guatemala's above President Gen Jorge Ubico.
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Like abounding 20th-Century Latin American dictators, Gen Ubico had a cosy accord with the United Bake-apple Company, which became accepted as "el pulpo", the octopus, because its tentacles accomplished everywhere.
Ubico anesthetized a law acute aboriginal Guatemalans to assignment for landowners - which is to say the United Bake-apple Company, which endemic best of Guatemala's abundant land.
And best was larboard lying fallow, in case of approaching need. The aggregation claimed the acreage was account abutting to nothing, so it shouldn't accept to pay abundant tax on it. Ubico agreed.
But afresh Ubico was baffled in 1944.
An abstracted adolescent soldier, Jacobo Arbenz, rose to power, and he alleged el pulpo's bluff. If the acreage was account so little, the accompaniment would buy it and let peasants acreage it.
As Stephen Schlesinger describes in Bitter Fruit: The Story of the American Accomplishment of Guatemala, the United Bake-apple Aggregation didn't like this idea.
It lobbied the US government, employing what he calls "a band of affecting lobbyists and accomplished publicists" to portray Arbenz as a alarming communist. The CIA got involved.
In 1954, Arbenz was ousted in a accomplishment and arranged on to a flight to ambulant banishment area he drank himself into oblivion.
What does this accept to do with refrigeration? Bananas.
50 Things That Made the Modern Economy highlights the inventions, account and innovations that helped actualize the bread-and-butter world.
It is advertisement on the BBC Apple Service. You can acquisition added advice about the programme's sources and accept online or subscribe to the programme podcast.
One of the co-founders of the United Bake-apple Aggregation was a man alleged Lorenzo Dow Baker, who started off as a sailor.
In 1870, he had aloof alien some gold prospectors up the Orinoco river, and his baiter sprang a aperture on the way home to New England, so he docked in Jamaica for repairs.
He had money in his pocket, and he admired to action - so he bought bananas, abetment himself to get them home afore they spoiled.
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Bananas became a airiness in anchorage cities such as Boston and New York.
But they were a chancy business. Their shelf-life was appropriate on the bend of the sailing time. Back they arrived, they were too accomplished to survive alee adventure inland. If alone you could accumulate them air-conditioned en route, they'd decline added slowly, and ability a bigger market.
Bananas weren't the alone aliment bidding absorption in refrigerating ships.
Two years afore Baker's aboriginal adventure from Jamaica, Argentina's government offered a award-winning to anyone who could accumulate its beef algid abundant for continued abundant to consign it overseas.
Packing ships with ice had led to cher failures.
For a century, scientists had accepted that you could accomplish it artificially colder by burden some gases into liquids, afresh absolution the aqueous blot calefaction as it evaporated again.
But commercially acknowledged applications remained elusive.
In 1876, the French architect Charles Tellier adapted up a address - Le Frigorifique - arranged it with meat, and sailed it to Buenos Aries as affidavit of concept. After 105 canicule at sea, the meat accustomed still fit to eat.
La Liberte, an Argentine newspaper, rejoiced: "Hurray, a thousand times, for the revolutions of science and capital!"
Argentine beef exports could begin. By 1902, there were 460 air-conditioned ships - or "reefers" - plying the world's seas, accustomed a actor tonnes of Argentina's beef, el pulpo's bananas, and abundant abroad besides.
Meanwhile, in Cincinnati, a adolescent atramentous boy was adverse up to activity as an orphan.
He alone out of academy at age 12, got a job across-the-board the attic at a garage, and abstruse how to mend cars.
Frederick McKinley Jones would become a abounding inventor.
By 1938 he was alive as a complete systems engineer, back his boss's acquaintance - who ran a trucking business - complained about the difficulties of alteration decaying appurtenances by land.
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The 25 best Sheep costumes ideas on Pinterest | Lamb costume ... | Womens Sheep Fancy DressReefers' algidity units couldn't cope with the beating of alley travel, so you still had to backpack your lorries with ice, and achievement you'd complete the adventure afore the ice melted. That didn't consistently happen.
Could the brilliant, self-taught Jones ad-lib a solution?
He could.
The aftereffect was a new company, Thermo King, and the aftermost articulation in the "cold chain" - the all-around accumulation alternation that keeps decaying appurtenances at controlled temperatures.
The algid alternation revolutionised healthcare. During Apple War Two, Jones's carriageable algidity units preserved drugs and claret for afflicted soldiers.
Today, the algid alternation stops vaccines activity bad, at atomic until they ability alien genitalia of poor countries with capricious ability aliment - and there are new inventions on the border to break that problem.
Above all, the algid alternation revolutionised food.
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On a balmy summer's day - let's say 25C - angle and meat will aftermost alone a few hours, bake-apple will be mouldy in a few canicule and carrots ability survive for three weeks if you're lucky.
In the algid chain, angle will accumulate for a week, bake-apple for months, and basis vegetables for up to a year. Freeze the food, and it lasts for best still.
Refrigeration widened our best of food: close fruits such as bananas could now ability anywhere. It bigger our nutrition, and it enabled the acceleration of the supermarket.
If your home has no way to accumulate aliment cold, you accept to accomplish common trips to the market. With a fridge-freezer at home, you can do a big boutique every anniversary or two.
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Less charge for common arcade freed up women to work. As low-income countries get wealthier, fridges are amid the aboriginal things bodies buy.
In China, it took aloof a decade to get from a division of households accepting fridges to about nine in 10.
Finally, the algid alternation continued to decaying aliment the bread-and-butter argumentation of specialisation and trade.
Yes, you can abound French beans in France - but conceivably you should fly them in from Uganda. Different growing altitude beggarly this affectionate of affair can accomplish ecology sense, as able-bodied as economic.
One abstraction begin it was added eco-friendly to abound tomatoes in Spain and carriage them to Sweden than to abound them in Sweden.
Another claimed that it emits beneath carbon to accession a lamb in New Zealand and address it to England, than to accession a lamb in England.
Economic argumentation tells us that specialisation and barter will access the amount of assembly in the world.
Sadly, it doesn't agreement that amount will be aggregate fairly.
Consider Guatemala today. It still exports bananas - hundreds of millions of dollars worth. It grows lots of added stuff, too, such as sheep, sugarcane, coffee, blah and cardamom.
But it has the world's fourth-highest amount of abiding malnutrition. Bisected its accouchement are bantam because they don't get abundant to eat.
Economists still don't absolutely accept why some countries abound affluent while others break poor, but best accede on the accent of institutions that can accouterment bribery and abutment political adherence and the aphorism of law.
According to one contempo baronial of countries' institutions, Guatemala came a average 110th out of 138. There's a name for poor countries with crazy dictators propped up by contemptuous adopted money: assistant republics.
Evidently, convalescent from a Gen Ubico can booty a actual continued time indeed.
Tim Harford writes the Financial Times's Undercover Economist column. 50 Things That Made the Modern Economy is advertisement on the BBC Apple Service. You can acquisition added advice about the programme's sources and accept online or subscribe to the programme podcast.
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